Browse Review Article

Chronic urticaria differs from acute urticaria in characteristics and treatments. The chronic form is spontaneous or inducible, with the latter elicited by cold, heat, pressure, or other precipitants.

Lesions of the ovary and fallopian tube are common and may be acute or chronic. Diagnostic assessment is designed to distinguish benign from malignant causes. Referral to a gynecologic oncologist is often necessary.

Formerly known as Devic’s disease, this relapsing, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system encompasses six syndromes and is associated with aquaporin-4 autoantibodies. Effective treatment prevents relapses.

This article reviews the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of bronchiectasis, a syndrome of abnormal airways that results in chronic cough, sputum production, and respiratory impairment.

Spina bifida, a congenital disorder of the spinal cord, leads to medical and neurologic complications. Modern surgical techniques and comprehensive medical care have greatly improved outcomes.

The authors review the many adverse effects of obesity on pregnancy, including hypertension, diabetes, insulin resistance, subfertility, miscarriage, and congenital abnormalities.

Inhibitors of proximal and terminal complement cascades can often control red-cell hemolysis associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, but some patients have breakthrough hemolysis.

Accounting for 5 to 7% of all lymphomas, mantle-cell lymphoma has historically been associated with a poor outcome, but survival is improving. The epidemiology, pathology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mantle-cell lymphoma are described.

Until recently, Ph-positive ALL was very aggressive and difficult to treat. Current frontline therapy, based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors, glucocorticoids, and blinatumomab, has increased survival, with high-level clearance of measurable tumor cells.

Cold injury is a combination of direct cellular damage from freezing and cellular ischemia from vasospasm and small-vessel thrombosis. The severity is related to the degree to which frozen tissues are reperfused on thawing.

Testing for kidney disease is routine in clinical practice. This review focuses on advances in clinical evaluation of the glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria and their use in detecting acute and chronic kidney disease, designing trials of disease progression, and predicting risk in clinical practice.

Gliflozins — sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors — lower blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes without causing hypoglycemia. The agents also improve cardiac function in patients who have heart failure with or without type 2 diabetes and improve renal function, with few adverse effects.

Childhood brain tumors were previously classified by histologic appearance and location. A new classification includes genetic changes, which have prognostic significance and may lead to therapeutic targets. This review focuses on pediatric gliomas, ependymomas, and medulloblastomas.

Preeclampsia complicates 2 to 4% of all pregnancies and accounts for about 46,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 fetal or newborn deaths each year. Antihypertensive agents and magnesium sulfate can help control the systemic manifestations of preeclampsia, which is usually resolved by delivery of the placenta.

Early-onset disease (at <50 years of age) accounts for 10% of colorectal cancer cases, and the incidence is increasing, particularly in high-income countries. Patients often present with advanced disease in the left colon. One in six patients has deficient DNA mismatch repair. Screening is now recommended to begin at 45...

The diagnosis of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease has advanced from detection of characteristic EEG and MRI features to include the detection in CSF of 14-3-3 protein and, with the use of RT-QuIC assays, of abnormally folded prion protein, with close to 100% sensitivity and specificity.